实化
✍ dations ◷ 2025-04-04 12:57:38 #计算机编程,知识表示
在计算机科学中,实化(英语:reification)或对象化是把抽象的想法(idea)转化为明确的数据模型或程序设计语言创建的其他对象的过程。通过实化,以前是隐式的、未表示的、可能是不可表示的被显式形成可概念(逻辑或计算)操作的。非正式地,实化也常被称作在特定系统范围内把某些东西变为“头等公民”。 实化是概念分析与知识表示中最常用的技术。
在程序设计语言中,把用户程序或者程序设计语言某一部分本来在编译期与运行期是隐式的,表示为语言自身,这一过程称为实化。这使得其对程序可当作普通数据来利用。在具有反射的程序设计语言中,实化的数据表示了相关的被实化的领域。实化的数据常被称作头等对象。
数据实化涉及在形式规范(英语:formal specification)中找到抽象数据类型的更为具体的表示。 例如,抽象数据类型集合(set)可以用map或者array来实化。
概念建模(英语:Conceptual model (computer science))中广泛使用了实化。实化一个关系(relationship)意味着把它视作一个实体。实化一个关系的目的是令其显式,必要时可以增加额外的信息。例如,关系表示某人是某委员会的成员。下图左侧用表的形式列出了人是委员会与的成员;人是委员会成员。
这一关系,也可看作实体。见图示的右侧。称作该实体实化了这个关系。这个实体类型为Membership
。现在,可以给这个关系实体增加新的信息,如某人属于某委员会是由谁来提名加入的,可表示为。
与其密切相关的用法见实化 (知识表示)(英语:Reification (knowledge representation))。
UML提供了关联类(association class)用于构建被实化的关系类型。关联类既是关联又是类。
In Semantic Web languages, such as Resource Description Framework (RDF) and Web Ontology Language (OWL), a statement is a binary relation. It is used to link two individuals or an individual and a value. Applications sometimes need to describe other RDF statements, for instance, to record information like when statements were made, or who made them, which is sometimes called "provenance" information. As an example, we may want to represent properties of a relation, such as our certainty about it, severity or strength of a relation, relevance of a relation, and so on.
The example from the conceptual modeling section describes a particular person with URIref person:p1
, who is a member of the committee:c1
. The RDF triple from that description is
person:p1 committee:isMemberOf committee:c1 .
Consider to store two further facts: (i) to record who nominated this particular person to this committee (a statement about the membership itself), and (ii) to record who added the fact to the database (a statement about the statement).
The first case is a case of classical reification like above in UML: reify the membership and store its attributes and roles etc.:
committee:Membership rdf:type owl:Class . committee:membership12345 rdf:type committee:Membership . committee:membership12345 committee:ofPerson person:p1 . committee:membership12345 committee:inCommittee committee:c1 . person:p2 committee:nominated committee:membership12345 .
Additionally, RDF provides a built-in vocabulary intended for describing RDF statements. A description of a statement using this vocabulary is called a reification of the statement. The RDF reification vocabulary consists of the type rdf:Statement
, and the properties rdf:subject
, rdf:predicate
, and rdf:object
.
Using the reification vocabulary, a reification of the statement about the person's membership would be given by assigning the statement a URIref such as committee:membership12345
so that describing statements can be written as follows:
committee:membership12345Stat rdf:type rdf:Statement . committee:membership12345Stat rdf:subject person:p1 . committee:membership12345Stat rdf:predicate committee:isMemberOf . committee:membership12345Stat rdf:object committee:c1 .
These statements say that the resource identified by the URIref committee:membership12345Stat
is an RDF statement, that the subject of the statement refers to the resource identified by person:p1
, the predicate of the statement refers to the resource identified by committee:isMemberOf
, and the object of the statement refers to the resource committee:c1
. Assuming that the original statement is actually identified by committee:membership12345
, it should be clear by comparing the original statement with the reification that the reification actually does describe it. The conventional use of the RDF reification vocabulary always involves describing a statement using four statements in this pattern. Therefore, they are sometimes referred to as the "reification quad".
Using reification according to this convention, we could record the fact that person:p3
added the statement to thedatabase by
person:p3 committee:addedToDatabase committee:membership12345Stat .
It is important to note that in the conventional use of reification, the subject of the reification triples is assumed to identify a particular instance of a triple in a particular RDF document, rather than some arbitrary triple having the same subject, predicate, and object. This particular convention is used because reification is intended for expressing properties such as dates of composition and source information, as in the examples given already, and these properties need to be applied to specific instances of triples. Note that the described triple (subject predicate object)
itself is not implied by such a reification quad (and it is not necessary that it actually exists in the database). This allows also to use this mechanism to express which triples do hold.
The power of the reification vocabulary in RDF is restricted by the lack of a built-in means for assigning URIrefs to statements, so in order to express "provenance" information of this kind in RDF, one has to use some mechanism (outside of RDF) to assign URIs to individual RDF statements, then make further statements about those individual statements, using their URIs to identify them.
In an XML Topic Map (XTM), only a topic can have a name or play a role in an association. One may use an association to make an assertion about a topic, but one cannot directly make assertions about that assertion. However, it is possible to create a topic that reifies a non-topic construct in a map, thus enabling the association to be named and treated as a topic itself.
In Semantic Web languages, such as RDF and OWL, a property is a binary relation used to link two individuals or an individual and a value. However, in some cases, the natural and convenient way to represent certain concepts is to use relations to link an individual to more than just one individual or value. These relations are called n-ary relations. Examples are representing relations among multiple individuals, such as a committee, a person who is a committee member and another person who has nominated the first person to become the committee member, or a buyer, a seller, and an object that was bought when describing a purchase of a book.
A more general approach to reification is to create an explicit new class and n new properties to represent an n-ary relation, making an instance of the relation linking the n individuals an instance of this class. This approach can also be used to represent provenance information and other properties for an individual relation instance.
:p1 a :Person ; :has_membership _:membership_12345 ._:membership_12345 a :Membership ; :committee :c1; :nominated_by :p2 .
Reification vs. quotation
It is also important to note that the reification described here is not the same as "quotation" found in other languages. Instead, the reification describes the relationship between a particular instance of a triple and the resources the triple refers to. The reification can be read intuitively as saying "this RDF triple talks about these things", rather than (as in quotation) "this RDF triple has this form." For instance, in the reification example used in this section, the triple:
committee:membership12345 rdf:subject person:p1 .
describing the rdf:subject
of the original statement says that the subject of the statement is the resource (the person) identified by the URIref person:p1
. It does not state that the subject of the statement is the URIref itself (i.e., a string beginning with certain characters), as quotation would.
相关
- 苔藓植物苔藓植物,是非维管植物中的有胚植物:它们有组织器官以及封闭的生殖系统,但缺少运输水分的维管束。它们没有花朵也不制造种子,而是经由孢子来繁殖,也可以产生精子和卵,行受精作用,但
- 哈德逊湾哈德森湾(英语:Hudson Bay,或称哈德逊湾)位于加拿大东北部巴芬岛与拉布拉多半岛西侧的大型海湾,面积122.6万平方千米。平均水深257米。北部时常会有北极熊出现。主要港口有丘吉尔
- 卡罗莱纳死神辣椒卡罗莱纳死神辣椒(英语:Carolina Reaper)2013年起是金氏纪录最辣辣椒,龙之气息辣椒与Pepper X辣椒虽宣称超过卡罗莱纳死神,但未被金氏纪录所承认。根据由温斯洛普大学(英语:Winthro
- 吴海燕吴海燕(1958年-),女,汉族,上海人,染织与服装设计专家,第十一届全国政协委员。1984年毕业于浙江美术学院工艺系,担任中国美术学院设计学院院长。2001年,成为第5届中国时装设计“金顶奖
- 装甲师装甲兵是以坦克、装甲输送车等为基本单位的战斗兵种。具有火力、机动力和装甲防护力相结合的特点。是陆军的重要突击力量。
- 马拉梅斯特凡·马拉梅(法语:Stéphane Mallarmé,1842年3月18日-1898年9月9日)原名艾提安·马拉梅(法语:Étienne Mallarmé),19世纪法国诗人,文学评论家。与阿蒂尔·兰波、保尔·魏尔伦同为
- 勇者斗恶龙VII 伊甸的战士们《勇者斗恶龙VII 伊甸的战士们》(日版名:ドラゴンクエストVII エデンの戦士たち,美版名:Dragon Warrior VII),是由HeartBeat和ArtePiazza开发,艾尼克斯发行于2000年在PlayStation平
- Sony Ericsson W710iSony Ericsson W710i为Sony Ericsson于2006年10月20日所推出的移动电话,内建200万画素相机。此机种除了强调W系列的音乐功能外。还是专为了运动家所设计的,与Z710i为双胞胎机,
- 科斯特尔·彭蒂利曼科斯特尔·芬尼·彭蒂利曼(罗马尼亚语:Costel Fane Pantilimon,1987年2月1日-),罗马尼亚足球运动员,司职守门员,现时效力英冠诺丁汉森林,他亦是罗马尼亚国家队成员。他曾是目前最高的
- 大觉山坐标:27°41′43″N 117°11′49″E / 27.69528°N 117.19694°E / 27.69528; 117.19694大觉山位于中国江西省抚州市资溪县境内,武夷山脉西麓,主峰海拔1396米。山上建有大觉寺