黑山是在2008年的北京奥运中首度以独立国家的身份参赛;在之前,该国的运动员是以塞尔维亚和黑山及南斯拉夫的名义参与。
黑山奥林匹克委员会于2006年成立,并于2007年获得承认。2012年,黑山代表团在伦敦奥运的手球项目中获得一面银牌,取得该代表团历史上首面奖牌。
Before the 2012 Olympic Games Montenegrin athletes had won medals on 22 occasions in five different sports as part of teams representing Yugoslavia or Serbia and Montenegro, but none yet as individual competitors. On August 11, 2012, Montenegro won its first ever Olympic medal as an independent country, taking silver in women's handball.