美利坚合众国宪法第二条

宪法正文I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ V ∙ VI ∙ VII其它修正案 XI ∙ XII ∙ XIII ∙ XIV ∙ XV XVI ∙ XVII ∙ XVIII ∙ XIX ∙ XX XXI ∙ XXII ∙ XXIII ∙ XXIV ∙ XXV XXVI ∙ XXVII美利坚合众国宪法第二条建立了以美国总统为代表的美国联邦政府的行政机关，不过严格上说，这一条只是赋予美国总统行政权并规定总统和副总统的选举方式，以及总统提名官员的程序性规定，并没有直接建立其下属的任何一个部门。The Executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term of four Years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen for the same Term, be elected, as follows第一节属于授权部分，与宪法的第一条（国会的立法权）和第三条（法院的司法权）的同一节作用一样。但是以总统为代表的行政部门所拥有的行政权（即执法权）仅限于执行拥有立法权的国会所通过的法律，因为国会有权“制定为行使上述各项权力和由本宪法授予合众国政府或其任何部门或官员的一切其他权力所必要和适当的所有法律。”总统是美国政府行政部门的首脑，总统和副总统每4年选举一次。（美国宪法）Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the whole Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or Representative, or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector.根据宪法，总统和副总统是由选举团选举出来的，选举团的人员组成则根据宪法和修正案赋予各州和首都哥伦比亚特区，不过宪法只规定了各州选举人的数量（等于该州在联邦国会两院中的议员数量总和），而这些选举人应该由什么样的方式选出或指派则由各州议会自行决定。自1820年起，各州一般都是通过非直选的方式选举候选人。The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by Ballot for two Persons, of whom one at least shall not be an Inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a List of all the Persons voted for, and of the Number of Votes for each; which List they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the Seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the Presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the Certificates, and the Votes shall then be counted. The Person having the greatest Number of Votes shall be the President, if such Number be a Majority of the whole Number of Electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have such Majority, and have an equal Number of Votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately chuse by Ballot one of them for President; and if no Person have a Majority, then from the five highest on the List the said House shall in like Manner chuse the President. But in chusing the President, the Votes shall be taken by States, the Representation from each State having one Vote; A quorum for this Purpose shall consist of a Member or Members from two thirds of the States, and a Majority of all the States shall be necessary to a Choice. In every Case, after the Choice of the President, the Person having the greatest Number of Votes of the Electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal Votes, the Senate shall chuse from them by Ballot the Vice President.The Congress may determine the Time of chusing the Electors, and the Day on which they shall give their Votes; which Day shall be the same throughout the United States.国会得以设立一个选举日，目前，该日期是每一任总统任期最后一年11月1日后的第一个星期二。而选举人则是在同年12月第2个星期三之后的星期一进行投票，然后这些选票将交给身兼参议院议长的副总统，并在国会两院的联席会议上进行清点并宣布获胜者。No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States.所以，任何人正式宣誓就职总统时必须要：之后通过的有两条修正案对总统及副总统的就职资格进行了进一步修正：In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of his Death, Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of the said Office, the Same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the Congress may by Law provide for the Case of Removal, Death, Resignation or Inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what Officer shall then act as President, and such Officer shall act accordingly, until the Disability be removed, or a President shall be elected.The President shall, at stated Times, receive for his Services, a Compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the Period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that Period any other Emolument from the United States, or any of them.目前美国总统的报酬为每年40万美元，宪法这一节主要是规定在任何一位总统任内，其所得到报酬的数目不得发生变更，并且总统也不得接受来自任何其他州或联邦的报酬。Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the following Oath or Affirmation:—"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States."根据国会联席委员会的说法，乔治·华盛顿在首次总统就职典礼宣誓时增加了“上帝助我”（英语：So help me God）4个字，但这一说法一直存在争议。对此没有其实任何同期的证据，也没有任何参与过其典礼的目击者——包括那些转述过他誓词的人——提及过这4个字。同时，新当选总统的名字一般都会加在“我”（英语：“I”）字的后面，比如说“我，乔治·华盛顿庄严宣誓……”此外副总统上任前同样有宣誓仪式，不过这并非宪法而是之后国会法案中的规定。目前，副总统的宣誓誓词与所有国会议员的誓词一样：The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States; he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices, and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offenses against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment.总统是所有军队的总司令，不过，宪法第一条中规定只有国会拥有宣战权（英语：War Powers Clause）。总统在拥有国会授权的情况下可以对军队进行部署调动，但没有权力直接宣战。根据历史学家托马斯·伍兹所说，“自朝鲜战争开始，宪法第二条第二款中总统身为军队统帅的表述常被理解为其有权在外交事务中采取必要的手段，或至少是可以在实际运作中未经国会同意就派出军队参战。”但从第二次世界大战开始，每一次重大的军事行动从技术上来说都是一次“军事行动”或联合国的治安行动（英语：police action），这些在国会看来都可以被视为是正当合法的，因为它们要么有着各种各样的联合国决议案的支持，要么则有着像东京湾决议案（英语：Gulf of Tonkin Resolution）或是伊拉克决议案（英语：Iraq Resolution）的授权。He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law: but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments.The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session.He shall from time to time give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary Occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in Case of Disagreement between them, with Respect to the Time of Adjournment, he may adjourn them to such Time as he shall think proper; he shall receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers; he shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed, and shall Commission all the Officers of the United States.在特别情况下，总统可以召集国会中的任何一个或两个开会。如果两院对休会时间不能达成一致，则总统可以令两院休会至他认为合适的时候为止。这一权力的最后一次行使是在1948年，哈利·S·杜鲁门召集国会召开特别会议。这也是美国历史上第27次由总统召开这种会议。总统“应接见大使和公使”，宪法的这一条款被解读为总统在所有外交事务方面拥有广泛的权力。总统必须“负责使法律切实执行”，宪法中的这一条款规定总统有执行和维护法律的义务因此被称为维护条款，也称忠实执行条款。这一条款旨在确保即使并不同意，总统也会忠实地执行法律。凭借其行政权，总统可以执法并管控其他执法者。但在维护条款制约下，总统必须用自己的行政权力来“负责使法律切实执行”。据北卡罗莱纳州联邦宪法批准大会的记载，威廉·麦克莱恩（英语：William Maclaine）在会上表示忠实执行条款是“（宪法中）最好的条款之一”（英语：“one of the best provisions”）。“如果总统负责使法律切实执行，这将比现在大陆上的任何一个政府都做得更好。对此我可以大胆地说，我们和其他州的政府在忠实执行法律的很多方面都是毫无价值的。”首任总统乔治·华盛顿将这一条款理解为他在确保联邦法律执行上有特别的责任。他曾在对威士忌暴乱商讨处理对策时表示：“我有责任看到法律得到执行：让他们被无所顾忌地任人宰割将为（我的责任）所不容。”The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other High crimes and Misdemeanors.联邦宪法的这一条款规定，无论是总统、副总统、内阁部长或其他任何文职官员、法官等，都可以被国会弹劾并免职。这其中，众议院通过表达来决定是否要对官员进行弹劾，其职责相当于美国法庭审判中的大陪审团和检查官（原告）；而参议院则负责审理弹劾案，并投票表决罪名是否成立，其职责相当于美国法庭审判中的小陪审团。任何官员一旦弹劾罪名被判成立则会被立即解除职务，参议院还可以在免职的同时禁止其将来再在联邦政府中担任任何职务从程序上，弹劾只是决定一个人是否可以继续担任其职务，弹劾罪名成立后并不直接伴随有其他的任何惩罚，但是其还需要面对民事或刑事法庭的审判。