首页 >
痛觉
✍ dations ◷ 2025-06-07 05:48:22 #痛觉
身体的疼痛(pain)指通常由身体损伤、病患或不良的外部刺激所引起的不舒服感觉。出于临床研究的需要,国际疼痛研究国际疼痛研究协会(英语:International Association for the Study of Pain)将疼痛定义为“由真正存在或潜在的身体组织损伤所引起的不舒服知觉和心理感觉”。疼痛是主观的感觉,早于1968年疼痛处理专家马戈·麦加费利(英语:Margo McCaffery)首次提出一个在护理学界普遍使用的定义:“一个人说感到痛,这就是痛;他说痛仍在,痛就仍在。”(原文:Pain is whatever the experiencing person says it is, existing whenever he says it does)身体疼痛是看医生的主要原因;在美国,有一半看医生的人是因为疼痛,是最普遍的原因。疼痛也是大部分病患的症状,可根据维持时间、强度、种类(如火烧、针刺般等)、位置等来诊断。通常疼痛会自然消退,或通过简单的止痛处理后消退,这可称作“急性”疼痛。但有时疼痛本身已是一种病患,如慢性疼痛。近年痛症引起了不同学科专家的关注,如药理学、神经生物学、护理学、物理治疗和心理学,并形成了疼痛处理这门在麻醉学、物理治疗、神经学、精神科等专科之下的附属专科。人体的痛觉神经有六种,但科学上纪录有人无法感受痛楚,这种病是先天性无痛症(英语:Congenital insensitivity to pain),英文简称为“CIP”。疼痛指身体的疼痛,是主观、有意识的感觉。而痛觉则指感受器、周围神经系统、脊髓和脑受有害刺激而引起的无意识活动。痛觉感受器(英语:nociceptor)受到化学、热力或撞击等可损伤身体组织的刺激就可能会产生疼痛。若神经系统由病患或损伤而受损,可引致神经痛症或神经性病变痛症。由感受器受刺激和神经系统受损引起的疼痛是两大主要疼痛,第三类是精神性疼痛(英语:Psychalgia),较为罕见。痛觉感受器引起的疼痛可细分为三类:疼痛是许多疾病的常见或主要症状,如脑肿瘤的头痛、冠心病发作时的胸痛,胆石症的胆绞痛和腹痛、晚期肿瘤患者的癌性疼痛等。有些疼痛本身就是一种疾病,如带状孢疹的神经痛、三叉神经痛。疼痛不仅给患者带来痛苦,而且还对人体中枢神经、循环、呼吸、内分泌、消化和自主神经等系统造成不良影响,甚至是某些严重的、威胁生命的疾病症状。Pain. An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage. Note: The inability to communicate verbally does not negate the possibility that an individual is experiencing pain and is in need of appropriate pain-relieving treatment. Pain is always subjective. Each individual learns the application of the word through experiences related to injury in early life. Biologists recognize that those stimuli which cause pain are liable to damage tissue. Accordingly, pain is that experience we associate with actual or potential tissue damage. It is unquestionably a sensation in a part or parts of the body, but it is also always unpleasant and therefore also an emotional experience. Experiences which resemble pain but are not unpleasant, e.g., pricking, should not be called pain. Unpleasant abnormal experiences (dysesthesias) may also be pain but are not necessarily so because, subjectively, they may not have the usual sensory qualities of pain. Many people report pain in the absence of tissue damage or any likely pathophysiological cause; usually this happens for psychological reasons. There is usually no way to distinguish their experience from that due to tissue damage if we take the subjective report. If they regard their experience as pain and if they report it in the same ways as pain caused by tissue damage, it should be accepted as pain. This definition avoids tying pain to the stimulus. Activity induced in the nociceptor and nociceptive pathways by a noxious stimulus is not pain, which is always a psychological state, even though we may well appreciate that pain most often has a proximate physical cause.听觉系统/听觉
相关
- 咽喉反流咽喉反流(Laryngopharyngeal reflux,缩写 LPR),又称为喉咽回流、咽喉逆流症、咽喉胃酸逆流、胃食管外反流疾病(extraesophageal reflux disease,缩写 EERD),是指胃酸逆行流到上呼吸
- 慢性疼痛慢性疼痛(英语:Chronic Pain)指的是持续时间较长的疼痛症状。在医学领域,急性疼痛和慢性疼痛一般是由持续时间划分,最常见的是用“持续3个月”或者“持续6个月”作为两种疼痛的分
- 临时参议长议长:南希·裴洛西(民主党) 多数党领袖(英语:Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives):斯坦利·霍耶(民主党) 少数党领袖(英语:Party leaders of the United Sta
- 可充电碱性电池可充电碱性电池是一种可充电的碱性电池,其能够再充电,以便重复使用。初期有电子公司开发碱性电池充电器,声称可以替一般“一次性碱性电池”充电,但仍受限碱性电池充电慢、效率低
- 性传染病性感染疾病(英语:Sexually transmitted infections, STI),又称性病(英语:Venereal Disease, VD)或花柳病,描述因性行为(指阴道性行为、肛交和口交)而传播的疾病。大多数的性感染疾病一
- 马其顿阿吉德王朝陆军马其顿阿吉德王朝陆军,是古代马其顿王国阿吉德王朝的陆上武装力量,在马其顿腓力二世军事改革后首次在历史中展现出这股显赫的军事实力,并由他的儿子亚历山大大帝发扬光大,它被认
- 盐水盐水是加入了食盐的水。盐水功能非常的多样化,在此一一介绍。当家中有灰尘或污垢时,在肮脏处泼上一些盐水,即可达到杀菌的效果,原理为利用盐水的渗透压,令细菌失去水分。另外如果
- 芭蕾舞芭蕾是一种轻盈,舒缓,优雅的舞蹈。芭蕾起源于意大利,兴盛于法国,其部分手势可追溯至古埃及的祭祀舞蹈。芭蕾为法语“ballet”的译音,它的词源则是意大利语的“balletto”,为ballo
- 后戏后戏(日语:後戯〔こうぎ〕,或アフタ-ラブ)是指人类性行为在交媾过后的身体亲密或为高潮后的温存。在性反应周期之中,男女呈现的反应期可能不完全一致(一方处在高潮期,另一方可能在高
- 贝塔受体阻滞剂β受体阻断药(英语:Beta blockers),又称Beta受体阻断药、β受体阻断剂、β受体阻滞剂、β受体拮抗剂或β阻断药、乙型阻断剂,是一类用来治疗心律不齐、防止心脏病发作后的二次心