佩索亚

费尔南多·佩索阿（葡萄牙语：Fernando Pessoa，1888年6月13日－1935年11月30日），生于里斯本，是葡萄牙诗人与作家。 他生前以诗集《使命》而闻名于世。 他被认为是继路易·德贾梅士之后最伟大的葡语作家。文评家卜伦在他的作品《西方正典》形容为他是与诺贝尔奖得主巴勃鲁·聂鲁达最能够代表二十世纪的诗人。在2007年票选最伟大的葡萄牙人（英语：Os Grandes Portugueses）中，他排名第八。他在文学上以“创造”性格闻名，我们称这种写作手法为“异名”(Heteronymy)。各个“异名者”(heteronyms)有着不同的阅历、性格与人生哲学。异名者与作者“自我”之间常常互通书信，交流思想。在众多角色中，以“自我”加上另外三个“异名者”最为成熟及最广为人知。三个“异名者”分别是Álvaro de Campos、Ricardo Reis和Alberto Caeiro。在他们当中，“自我”通常都是最能够带出真理、存在及个性等深层哲学意义的角色。“佩索亚的自我”性格很全面，本身也是个作家，但是总离不开士巴斯梯斯式的爱国主义思想。他的“自我”在某程度上深受一些宗教理念影响，如通神论思想及共济会的宗教观。故此，“自我”的诗词充满神话及史诗式的气魄，有时还有一种悲剧的味道。他作为一个普世主义(Universalism)诗人，他的世界观可能受到东方及理性主义哲学思想所影响，显得相当矛盾，他同时接受单一及多方面的世界观。所以，这倒令佩索亚有十足的理由把其他的三个“异名者”连同《使命》中的“半自我”－Bernando Soares从“自我”分开出来。以葡萄牙历史人物为背景的诗集《使命》中的佩索亚，就是最能够代表这个“自我”，这也是他生前唯一出版的诗集。Pessoa / Author: Carvalho, António Carlos. Publication: Lisboa: Pergaminho, 1999O coração do texto = Le coeur du texte : novos ensaios pessoanos /author: Seabra, José Augusto.; Galhoz, Maria Aliete Dores. Publication: Lisboa : Edições Cosmos, 1996Para compreender Fernando Pessoa : uma aproximação a Fernando Pessoa e heteronimos / Author: Pais, Amélia Pinto. Publication: Porto : Areal Editores, 1996Pessoa inédito / Author: Pessoa, Fernando, 1888-1935.; Lopes, Maria Teresa Rita. Publication: Lisboa : Livros Horizonte, 1993A vivência do tempo em Fernando Pessoa e outros ensaios pessoanos / Author: Matos, Maria Vitalina Leal de, 1939-publication: Lisboa, Portugal : Editorial Verbo, 1993Literatura & heteronímia :sobre Fernando Pessoa / Author: Diogo, Américo António Lindeza.Publication: Pontevedra-Braga : Irmandades da Fala de Galiza e Portugal, 1992Fernando Pessoa espelho e a esfinge / Author: Moisés, Massaud. Publication: São Paulo : Editora Cultrix : Editora da Universidade de São Paulo, 1988Nos passos de Pessoa :ensaios / Author: Mourão-Ferreira, David, 1927- Publication: Lisboa : Editorial Presença, 1988Estudos sobre Fernando Pessoa / Author: Crespo, Angel, 1926- Publication: Lisboa, Portugal : Teorema, 1988Fernando Pessoa, o desconhecido de si mesmo / Author: Paz, Octavio, 1914-; Da Costa, Luís Alves.Publication: Lisboa : Vega, 1988Fernando Pessoa: os trezentos e outros ensaios / Author: Centeno, Y. K. Publication: Lisboa : Editorial Presença, 1988Microleituras de Alvaro de Campos :e outras investigações pessoanas / Author: Coêlho, Joaquim-Francisco, 1938-Publication: Lisboa : Publicações Dom Quixote, 1987Compreender Pessoa / Author: Vilhena, Ramires.Publication: Lisboa : Vega, 1986O essencial sobre Fernando Pessoa / Author: Lancastre, Maria José de. Publication:  : INCM, 1985Fernando Pessoa :aquém do eu, além do outro / Author: Perrone-Moisés, Leyla.Publication: São Paulo, SP, Brasil : Martins Fontes, 1982Estudos sobre Fernando Pessoa / Author: Lind, Georg Rudolf. Publication:  : Impr. Nacional-Casa da Moeda, 1981Pessoa e Camões : três análises divergentes / Author: Alves, José Edil de Lima, 1943-publication: Porto Alegre : Editora Movimento, 1979O constelado Fernando Pessoa / Author: Quesado, José Clécio Basílio. Publication: Rio de Janeiro : Imago Editora, 1976Um Fernando Pessoa / Author: Silva, Agostinho da, 1906-; Pessoa, Fernando,Publication: Lisboa : Guimarães Editores, 1959Tales of a Resoner and the essay "Detective Story", bilingual edition, transl. into Portuguese from the original writings in English by Ana Maria de Freitas, Ana Maria de Freitas, editor, Lisbon, Portugal: Assírio & Alvim, 2012, ISBN 978-972-0-79312-6, （原始内容存档于2013-01-14）Forever Someone Else – selected poems – 2nd edition (enlarged), Richard Zenith, transl, Lisbon, Portugal: Assírio & Alvim, 2010 , ISBN 978-972-37-1379-4, （原始内容存档于2013-01-14）Collected Poems of Álvaro de Campos, Chris Daniels, transl, Exeter, UK: Shearsman Books, 2009 , ISBN 978-1-905700-25-7, （原始内容存档于2010-12-18）Lisbon: What the Tourist Should See, Exeter, UK: Shearsman Books, 2008 , ISBN 978-1-905700-25-7, （原始内容存档于2011-04-02）The Collected Poems of Alberto Caeiro, Chris Daniels, transl., Exeter, UK: Shearsman Books, 2007 , ISBN 978-1-905700-24-0, （原始内容存档于2011-04-04）Selected English Poems, Exeter, UK: Shearsman Books, 2007 , ISBN 978-1-905700-26-4, （原始内容存档于2011-04-02）Message, Jonathan Griffin, transl, Exeter, UK: Shearsman Books, 2007 , ISBN 978-1-905700-27-1, （原始内容存档于2011-04-02）Selected English Poems , ed. Tony Frazer, Exeter (UK): Shearsman Books, 2007. ISBN 1-905700-26-1A Centenary Pessoa, transl. Keith Bosley & L. C. Taylor, foreword by Octavio Paz, Carcanet Press, 2006. ISBN 1-85754-724-1A Little Larger Than the Entire Universe: Selected Poems, transl. Richard Zenith, Penguin Classics, 2006. ISBN 0-14-303955-5The Education of the Stoic, transl. Richard Zenith, afterword by Antonio Tabucchi, Exact Change, 2004. ISBN 1-878972-40-5The Book of Disquiet, transl. Richard Zenith, Penguin classics, 2003. ISBN 978-0-14-118304-6The Selected Prose of Fernando Pessoa, transl. Richard Zenith, Grove Press, 2002. ISBN 0-8021-3914-0Sheep's Vigil by a Fervent Person: A Transelation of Alberto Caeiro/Fernando Pessoa, transl. Eirin Moure, House of Anansi, 2001. ISBN 0-88784-660-2The Selected Prose of Fernando Pessoa, Richard Zenith, transl., New York, USA: Grove Press, 2001, ISBN 978-0-8021-3914-6Selected Poems: with New Supplement , transl. Jonathan Griffin, Penguin Classics; 2nd edition, 2000. ISBN 0-14-118433-7Fernando Pessoa & Co: Selected Poems, transl. Richard Zenith, Grove Press, 1999. ISBN 0-8021-3627-3Poems of Fernando Pessoa, Edwin Honig & Susan Brown, transl., San Francisco, USA: City Lights Books, 1998, ISBN 978-0-87286-342-2The Keeper of Sheep, bilingual edition, transl. Edwin Honig & Susan M. Brown, Sheep Meadow, 1997. ISBN 1-878818-45-7Message, transl. Jonathan Griffin, introduction by Helder Macedo, Menard Press, 1992. ISBN 1-905700-27-XThe Book of Disquietude, transl. Richard Zenith, Carcanet Press, 1991. ISBN 0-14-118304-7The Book of Disquiet, transl. Iain Watson, Quartet Books, 1991. ISBN 0-7043-0153-9The Book of Disquiet, transl. Alfred Mac Adam, New York NY: Pantheon Books, 1991. ISBN 0-679-40234-9The Book of Disquiet, transl. Margaret Jull Costa, London, New York NY: Serpent's Tail, 1991, ISBN 1-85242-204-1Fernando Pessoa: Self-Analysis and Thirty Other Poems, transl. George Monteiro, Gavea-Brown Publications, 1989. ISBN 0-943722-14-4Always Astonished: selected prose, Edwin Honig, transl., San Francisco, USA: City Lights Books, 1988, ISBN 978-0-87286-228-9Selected Poems, transl. Edwin Honig, Swallow Press, 1971. ISBN B000XU4FE4English Poems, 2 vol. (vol. 1 part I – Antinous, part II – Inscriptions; vol. 2 part III – Epithalamium), Lisbon: Olisipo, 1921 (vol. 1, 20 pp.; vol. 2, 16 pp., 24 cm)35 Sonnets, Lisbon: Monteiro & Co., 1918 (20 pp., 20 cm)Antinous: a poem, Lisbon: Monteiro & Co., 1918 (16 p., 20 cm)The anarchist banker and other Portuguese stories. Carcanet Press, 1996. ISBN 978-1-8575420-6-6Philosophical Essays: A Critical Edition. Edited with notes and introduction by Nuno Ribeiro. New York: Contra Mundum Press, 2012. ISBN 978-0-9836972-6-8The Transformation Book — or Book of Tasks. Edited with notes and introduction by Nuno Ribeiro and Cláudia Souza. New York: Contra Mundum Press, 2014