犹太人

诺贝尔奖（瑞典语：Nobelpriset，挪威语：Nobelprisen），是一年颁发一次的国际奖项，其中文学、物理学、化学、生理学或医学及和平等5个奖项于1901年首次颁发，经济学奖则于1969年起颁发。诺贝尔奖至今已颁给800多人，其中至少有20％是以色列或者以色列移民。首位得到诺贝尔奖的犹太人或持有以色列国籍的是阿道夫·冯·拜尔，因成功分析出吲哚的结构而于1905年获颁化学奖。2011年中，除了文学奖、和平奖及经济学奖外，其他奖均有犹太人获奖。其中，丹·谢赫特曼获得化学奖，拉尔夫·斯坦曼及布鲁斯·博伊特勒获生物或医学奖，至于物理学奖则由索尔·珀尔马特、亚当·里斯连同非犹太人的布莱恩·施密特共同获得。一些犹太得主，如埃利·维瑟尔（1986年收到和平奖），凯尔泰斯·伊姆雷（2002年收到文学奖）是大屠杀的幸存者。有史以来最年长的得主则是一名美国裔犹太人阿瑟·阿什金，他与热拉尔·穆鲁、唐娜·斯特里克兰因“在激光物理领域的突破性发明”而获得2018年的物理学奖，当时他已经96岁了。" the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds"" investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for electric furnace called after him"" his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds""for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll""for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements""for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes""for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants""for their studies of the structures of globular proteins""for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation""for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule""for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures""for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis""for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA""for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids""for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions""for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes""for their outstanding achievements in developing direct methods for the determination of crystal structures""for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA""for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems"匈牙利"for his contribution to carbocation chemistry""for their discovery of fullerenes""for his development of the density-functional theory""for their discovery and development of conductive polymers""for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation""for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription""for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP""for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome"目前只有4名诺贝尔奖得主被迫无法到场、拒绝领奖。其中三名为德国人里夏德·库恩、阿道夫·布特南特和格哈德·多马克，分别在1938和1939年被阿道夫·希特勒下令禁止领奖。另外一位是鲍里斯·帕斯捷尔纳克，为俄罗斯犹太人，他在1958年被选为诺贝尔文学奖得主，他最初接受了这项事实，但最后却因为苏联当局施压而无法到场领奖 。^ #这里的中文姓名是根据诺贝尔基金会的官方主页（nobelprize.org）提供英文名字的翻译，对于得奖者的原名或其他名字，可从该得奖者的条目中了解。华人或日本人姓名按中文和日文姓名习惯翻译。尽可能提供了每一位获奖者的照片；如果需要，可以到诺贝尔基金会的官方主页上查询每一位获奖者的照片。^ #=这里的国家信息是根据诺贝尔基金会的官方主页提供的信息列出，并不一定为得奖者真实的国籍或出生地。^ #这里所引用的获奖理由是根据诺贝尔基金会的官方主页提供的英文原文翻译列出，英文原文被列于中文翻译之后以供查对。这一栏中的条目链接是与获奖者的获奖原因相关的研究领域与历史；这些链接这是作为指引和解释，需要了解每一位获奖者的具体工作，请由名字一栏中的链接到对应得奖者的条目中查看，或到诺贝尔基金会的官方主页中相关获奖者的页面中查看。An additional award, the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, was established in 1968 by the Bank of Sweden and was first awarded in 1969