首页 >
praziquantel
✍ dations ◷ 2025-06-07 07:17:56 #praziquantel
吡喹酮(英语:Praziquantel,或英语:Biltricide)为一种用于人类及动物的驱虫药,专门治疗绦虫及吸虫。对于血吸虫、中华肝吸虫、广节裂头绦虫(英语:Diphyllobothrium latum)特别有效,吡喹酮为世界卫生组织基本药物标准清单上的药物,为世界上对于基本公共卫生最重要的药物之一。1970年代由拜耳公司的药学部研发成功。吡喹酮可以用于治疗人类、哺乳类,以及鱼类的寄生虫病。包含肠胃道或是外部的感染,以下为其适用疾病:The majority of side effects develop due to the release of the contents of the parasites as they are killed and the consequent host immune reaction. The heavier the parasite burden, the heavier and more frequent the side effects normally are.The antibiotic rifampicin decreases plasma concentrations of praziquantel.Carbamazepine and phenytoin are reported to reduce the bioavailability of praziquantel.Chloroquine reduces the bioavailability of praziquantel.The drug cimetidine heightens praziquantel bioavailability.The mode of action is not exactly known at present, but experimental evidence indicates praziquantel increases the permeability of the membranes of schistosome cells towards calcium ions. The drug thereby induces contraction of the parasites, resulting in paralysis in the contracted state. The dying parasites are dislodged from their site of action in the host organism and may enter systemic circulation or may be destroyed by host immune reaction (phagocytosis). Additional mechanisms including focal disintegrations and disturbances of oviposition (laying of eggs) are seen in other types of sensitive parasites.Another hypothesis concerning the mechanism of action of praziquantel has been recently reported. The drug seems to interfere with adenosine uptake in cultured worms. This effect may have therapeutical relevance given that the schistosome, as the Taenia(英语:Taenia (genus)) and the Echinococcus(英语:Echinococcus) (other praziquantel-sensitive parasites), is unable to synthesize purines such as adenosine de novo.Bayer's Animal Health Division website states, "Praziquantel is active against cestodes (tapeworms). Praziquantel is absorbed, metabolized in the liver, and excreted in the bile. Upon entering the digestive tract from the bile, cestocidal activity is exhibited. Following exposure to praziquantel, the tapeworm loses its ability to resist digestion by the mammalian host. Because of this, whole tapeworms, including the scolices (plural of "scolex"), are very rarely passed after administration of praziquantel. In many instances, only disintegrated and partially digested pieces of tapeworms will be seen in the stool. The majority of tapeworms are digested and are not found in the feces."Praziquantel is administered as a racemate, but only the (R)-enantiomer is biologically active; the enantiomers may be separated using a resolution of an amine obtained from praziquantel.Praziquantel is well absorbed (about 80%) from the gastrointestinal tract. However, due to extensive first-pass metabolism, only a relatively small amount enters systemic circulation. Praziquantel has a serum half-life of 0.8 to 1.5 hours in adults with normal renal and liver function. Metabolites have a half-life of 4 to 5 hours. In patients with significantly impaired liver function (Child Pugh classes B ll///d C), the serum half-life is increased to 3 to 8 hours. Praziquantel and its metabolites are mainly excreted renally; within 24 hours after a single oral dose, 70 to 80% is found in urine, but less than 0.1% as the unchanged drug. Praziquantel is metabolized through the cytochrome P450 pathway via CYP3A4. Agents that induce or inhibit(英语:Enzyme induction and inhibition) CYP3A4 such as phenytoin, rifampin, and azole antifungals will affect the metabolism of praziquantel.Praziquantel has a particularly dramatic effect on patients with schistosomiasis. Studies of those treated have shown that within six months of receiving a dose of praziquantel, up to 90% of the damage done to internal organs due to schistosomiasis infection can be reversed.Praziquantel was developed in the laboratories for parasitological research of Bayer AG and Merck KGaA in Germany (Elberfeld and Darmstadt) in the mid 1970s.吡喹酮名列世界卫生组织基本药物标准清单之中, 是世界上对于基本公共卫生最重要的药物之一。在英国,吡喹酮并未获准在人体上使用。但在必要时可以根据在患者实名的情况下进口。在英国吡喹酮可以作为兽用驱虫药销售。在美国,吡喹酮被FDA批准用于血吸虫病及肝吸虫病的治疗,尽管它对其他种类的感染也有效。Template:Anthelmintics
相关
- 牙医师人体解剖学 - 人体生理学 组织学 - 胚胎学 人体寄生虫学 - 免疫学 病理学 - 病理生理学 细胞学 - 营养学 流行病学 - 药理学 - 毒理学牙医学(法语:Dentisterie; 英语:Dentistr
- 内外肋间肌肋间肌即连接相邻两肋骨骨弓的肌肉。在呼吸过程中,每对肋骨间的肋间肌收缩,使肋骨向外并向上摇动。肋间肌与横膈一起运作,以将空气吸入肺中。如果做激烈的运动,则颈部和腹部的肌
- DiseasesDB疾病数据库(Diseases Database)是一个免费提供关于医学症状、症候或是药物资讯的网站。
- QIATCvet代码QI(免疫产品)是兽用解剖学治疗学及化学分类系统的一个分类,这是由世界卫生组织药物统计方法整合中心(The WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology
- 人体冷冻技术人体冷冻技术(或人体冷藏学或人体冰冻法;英语:cryonics)是一种试验中的医学技术,把人体或动物在极低温(一般在摄氏零下196度以下 / 华氏零下320以下)的情况下深低温保存,并希望可以
- 立克次体等立克次体(学名:Rickettsia),或者称立克次氏体,是一类细菌,但许多特征和病毒一样,如不能在培养基上培养,可以通过瓷滤器过滤,只能在动物细胞内寄生繁殖等。直径只有0.3-1μm,小于绝大
- 蜂窝组织炎蜂窝组织炎(拉丁语:cellulitis)是牵涉到皮肤的细菌感染。该疾病尤其会影响到真皮与皮下组织。其症状为皮肤发红,会在数天内逐渐扩大范围。发红范围的边缘一般而言不明显,而且可能
- 性欲亢进性欲亢进(英语:Hypersexuality)是精神卫生研究人员和精神卫生机构所使用的临床诊断,去形容极为频繁或突然增加的性冲动或性活动。女性患上此病叫Nymphomania。男性患上这种疾病
- 科罗拉多河科罗拉多河(英语:Colorado River)是一条位于美国西南部、墨西哥西北部的河流。长度大约有2333公里(1450英里),其流域涵盖美国七个州及墨西哥两个州。整个科罗拉多河河系大部分位于
- 文学美国文学(英语:American literature 或 Literature of the United States)指在美国产生的文学(也包括建国前殖民地时期的文学作品)。用英语写成的美国文学可视为英语文学的一部分